Post-harvest sector Fish utilization The per capita consumption of fish products in South Africa (7.6 kg in 2007) is relatively low, but close to the average of sub-Saharan Africa (8.3 kg in 2005). TIME - The dense kelp forest off the southern tip of South Africa is home to an unparalleled diversity of sea animals including sharks, rays, and, once upon a time, a common octopus that has just had an uncommon run as the star of the new Netflix documentary, My Octopus Teacher. Sunderland: SinauerAssociates pp. Her onetime den lies a couple of dozen feet off the coast of Cape Town suburb Simon’s Town. [11] The increase in metabolic rate shown with increasing temperatures is likely due to the octopus swimming to shallower or deeper depths to stay within its preferential temperature zone. This is what he learned. [29] The pericardial duct contains an ultrafiltrate of the blood known as the pericardial fluid, and the rate of filtration is partly controlled by the muscle- and nerve-rich branchial hearts. It is considered cosmopolitan, that is, a global species, which ranges from the eastern Atlantic, extends from the Mediterranean Sea and the southern coast of England, to at least Senegal in Africa. Octopuses belong to the mollusc family – to which snails, mussels, squid and cuttlefish also belong – and are probably amongst the most sophisticated of all invertebrates.As with all molluscs, the octopus has They feature a very large head and eyes that seem too large for the rest of thei… (2002). (1975). And then we have the weirdos again, the Cirrina . Alexis Rosenfeld/Getty Octopuses use their eight tentacles to envelop and shovel prey into their mouths. Crabs, crayfish, and bivalve molluscs (such as cockles) are preferred, although the octopus eats almost anything it can catch. And more sophisticated. My Octopus Teacher is a fascinating account of how filmmaker Craig Foster formed a bond during daily swims with an octopus living in a kelp forest off the 'Cape of Storms' in South Africa. The increase of activity is due to the interlocking labyrinth of the basal lamina creating a crosscurrent activity similar to the mitochondrial-rich cells found in teleost marine fish. Almost gone. In terms of what to call more than one octopus, the correct answer is octopuses. The release of CO2 into the blood causes it to acidify by forming carbonic acid. [20], The octopus' heart rate does not change significantly with exercise, though temporary cardiac arrest of the systemic heart can be induced by oxygen debt, almost any sudden stimulus, or mantle pressure during jet propulsion. The common octopus is a poikilothermic, eurythermic ectotherm, meaning that it conforms to the ambient temperature. Octopuses are ocean creatures that live in coral reefs, small crevices, and under rocks on the ocean floor. As an oceanic organism, O. vulgaris experiences a temperature variance due to many factors, such as season, geographical location, and depth. These various discrepancies in oxygen availability introduce a requirement for regulation methods. The man who first described the common octopus was Georges Cuvier. The Netflix film explores the beautiful friendship between Craig Foster, a diver, and an octopus he discovers living in the sea off the coast of his home in South Africa. It is not found in polar or sub­po­lar re­gions. Noyola, J., Caamal-Monsreal, C., Díaz, F., Re, D., Sánchez, A., & Rosas, C. (2013). All species have a thermal preference where they can function at their basal metabolic rate. The third heart delivers blood to the rest of the body. Marine Biology, 146, 733–738. [29] It is able to switch at will between the right or left kidney doing the bulk of the filtration, and can also regulate the filtration rate so that the rate does not increase when the animal's blood pressure goes up due to stress or exercise. The amount of ammonia excreted conversely decreases with increasing temperature. Underwater Inspiration. Poulpe: Owned by: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) – More: Related observations: Locate in inventory : Species: Octopus vulgaris. It has two big eyes and the beak is located at the centre of its eight limbs. Oxygen released into the tissues or muscles creates deoxygenated blood, which returns to the gills in veins. In 2010 a common octopus named Paul came to worldwide media attention when it correctly predicted the results of seven football matches involving Germany at the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa, as well as the result of the final between Spain and the Netherlands. The rate of diffusion is affected by the distance the oxygen has to travel from the water to the bloodstream as indicated by Fick's laws of diffusion. Experientia, 43, 487–499. The common octopus would be unique for its appearance alone, with its massive bulbous head, large eyes, and eight distinctive arms. Also the cooperativity of hemocyanin increases, but the affinity decreases. [11] This increased demand is met by an increase in the stroke volume of the octopus' heart. Maori Octopus. Octopuses also have three hearts. The system is built around an appendage of each branchial heart, which is essentially an extension of its pericardium. The Bohr effect explains why oxygen concentrations are lower in venous blood than arterial blood and why oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream. – http://bit.ly/ADVENTUREKIT Join our channel as a member for exclusive perks! Destinations Food & Drink News Stay Video. [29] These ions are free to diffuse, and because they exist in hypoionic concentrations within the organism, they would be moving into the organism from the seawater. Search. It also occurs off the Azores, Canary Islands, and Cape Verde Islands. Their blood is blue and is called haemocyanin. Generally, we refer to arms or tentacles rather than feet. Silver Proof at the best online prices at eBay! Journal of Ultrastructure Research, (53), 29–36. Common cents: Is the South African government bankrupt? If the octopus swims to a warmer locale, it gains heat from the surrounding water, and if it swims to colder surroundings, it loses heat in a similar fashion. [29] Sulfate and potassium exist in a hypoionic state, as well, with the exception of the excretory systems of cephalopods, where the urine is hyperionic. Paul the Octopus. Some of them are only about 12 inches long while others are three times that at 36 inches in length. Branch marine and coastal management, South Africa. Other interesti… [35] The slight rise in P50 that occurs with temperature change allows oxygen pressure to remain high in the capillaries, allowing for elevated diffusion of oxygen into the mitochondria during periods of high oxygen consumption. The Biological Bulletin. Maori Octopus. Octopus vulgaris is the most studied of all octopus species. Craig Foster spent an entire year diving off the west coast of South Africa to visit a very special octopus. It also occurs off the Azores, Canary Islands, and Cape Verde Islands. All three are acceptable, but since I am a stickler for being correct, I use the term octopuses. The Netflix film explores the beautiful friendship between Craig Foster, a diver, and an octopus he discovers living in the sea off the coast of his home in South Africa… [7] They are exposed to a wide variety of temperatures in their environments, but their preferred temperature ranges from about 15 to 16 °C. [9] Ventilation may increase to pump more water carrying oxygen across the gills but due to receptors found on the gills the energy use and oxygen uptake remains at a stable rate. Shadwick, Robert E. & Gosline, John M. (1985). The ecosystem stretches for 800 miles along the coasts of Namibia and South Africa, according to VOA News. Link Copied. [7] In especially warm seasons, the octopus can often be found deeper than usual to escape the warmer layers of water. The movie is about his experience diving in the kelp forests at a remote location in False Bay, near Cape Town in the Western Cape of South Africa, every day for a year. [29] These long, ciliated ducts filter the blood into a pair of kidney sacs, while actively reabsorbing glucose and amino acids into the bloodstream. The tissues and muscles of the octopus use oxygen and release carbon dioxide when breaking down glucose in the Krebs cycle. The Common Octopus. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism South Africa, 2003. It has two big eyes and the beak is located at the centre of its eight limbs. [10] When the animal is curled up after eating, its absorption through its skin can drop to 3% of its total oxygen uptake. 164–165. The Incirrina include our common octopus and other more “normal”-looking octopuses, like the blue-ringed octopus, which is tiny, but deadly. It is able to change colour to blend in with its surroundings, and is able to jump upon any unwary prey that strays across its path. [29] Wells[29] theorized that this duct, which is highly vascularized and innervated, may enable the reabsorption of important metabolites from the ovisac fluid of pregnant females by directing this fluid into the renal appendages. Her onetime den lies a …. The dense kelp forest off the southern tip of South Africa is home to an unparalleled diversity of sea animals including sharks, rays, and, once upon a time, a common octopus that has just had an uncommon run as the star of the new Netflix documentary, My Octopus Teacher. A history of colonisation. The species name, vulgaris, has nothing to do with the word vulgar. Oc­to­pus vul­garis is found in trop­i­cal, sub­trop­i­cal, and tem­per­ate wa­ters be­tween the sur­face and a depth of 100 to 150 me­ters.. With Craig Foster, Tom Foster. It is pretty common, since it is found along the shores of almost every continent. One adaptation that O. vulgaris has is some direct control over its kidneys. (2006). [21] This contributes to their susceptibility to the oxygen debt mentioned before. [14] The thin skin of the octopus accounts for a large portion of in-vitro oxygen uptake; estimates suggest around 41% of all oxygen absorption is through the skin when at rest. The two brachial hearts of the octopus pump blood from the veins through the gill capillaries. These three regions are apical, middle cytoplasmic, and basal lamina. First Adventure Kit still available - LIMITED TIME! The renal fluid has a higher concentration of ammonia than the urine or the blood, thus the renal sacs are kept acidic to help draw the ammonia from the renal appendages. Bulletin of marine science. Moreno, A., Lourenço, S., Pereira, J., Gaspar, M.B., Cabral, H.N., Pierce, G.J., et al. Web design and content by Flow Communications, functions@aquarium.co.za Its range extends northwards to the coast of Southern England, and southwards to the sea around South Africa. Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of Octopus vulgaris (Cephalopoda) in relation to body mass and temperature. Average Lifespan: … She also makes sure to entertain her co-workers …. They are masters of camouflage, escape artists and just the coolest animals ever. [11] The decrease in ammonia being excreted is also related to the metabolism of the octopus due to its need to spend more energy as the temperature increases. It, in fact, means common. They are also, unofficially, called the "Floppy Floppy Spider of the Sea". Draft policy and criteria for the evaluation of applications in the experimental octopus fishery. [29], Within the renal sacs, two recognized and specific cells are responsible for the regulation of ions. vulgaris. [18] Three aortae leave the systemic heart, two minor ones (the abdominal aorta and the gonadal aorta) and one major one, the dorsal aorta which services most of the body. [34] Oxygen affinity in the blood decreases by 0.20 kPa/°C at a pH of 7.4. [21] Its only compensation for exertion is through an increase in stroke volume of up to three times by the systemic heart,[21] which means it suffers an oxygen debt with almost any rapid movement. [29] The renal appendages move nitrogenous and other waste products from the blood to the renal sacs, but do not add volume. Wells, M.J., Duthie, G.G., Houlihan, D.F., Smith, P.J.S. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for South Africa 2½ Cent 2000. Directed by Pippa Ehrlich, James Reed. My Octopus Teacher Netflix artwork Directed by Pippa Ehrlich James Reed Production company Netflix Distributed byNetflix Release date 4 September 2020 7 September 2020 … Watch this gorgeous documentary about the love between a man and an octopus — and weep over the beauty and majesty of life. Thermopreference, tolerance and metabolic rate of early stages juvenile Octopus maya acclimated to different temperatures. Essential habits for pre-recruit Octopus vulgaris along the Portuguese coast. [10] When it does move, most of the time it is along the ocean or sea floor, in which case the underside of the octopus is still obscured. [21][22] The octopus is, however, able to control how much oxygen it pulls out of the water with each breath using receptors on its gills,[14] allowing it to keep its oxygen uptake constant over a range of oxygen pressures in the surrounding water. While Brazil was colonised by mainly Portugal, South Africa was colonised by the Dutch, the French and later the English. A third and less common plural of octopus is octopodes. [35] The increase in temperature results in higher enzyme activity, yet the decrease in hemocyanin affinity allows enzyme activity to remain constant and maintain homeostasis. *Children under 14 must be accompanied by an adult. The Krebs cycle uses the oxygen from the blood to break down glucose in active tissues or muscles and releases carbon dioxide as a waste product, which leads to more oxygen being released. O. vulgaris can apply behavioral changes to manage wide varieties of environmental temperatures. Temperature effects on hemocyanin oxygen binding in an antarctic cephalopod. [10] This number is affected by the activity of the animal – the oxygen uptake increases when the octopus is exercising due to its entire body being constantly exposed to water, but the total amount of oxygen absorption through skin is actually decreased to 33% as a result of the metabolic cost of swimming. Octopus vulgaris is the most studied of all octopus species. Katsanevakis, S., Protopapas, N., Miliou, H. & Verriopoulos, G. (2005). Only Australia and Antarctica don’t have the common octopus swimming around their seas. The circulatory circuit sends oxygenated blood from the gills to the atrium of the systemic heart, then to its ventricle which pumps this blood to the rest of the body. [13] Water moves slowly in one direction over the gills and lamellae, into the mantle cavity and out of the octopus' funnel. Deoxygenated blood from the body goes to the branchial hearts which pump the blood across the gills to oxygenate it, and then the blood flows back to the systemic atrium for the process to begin again. They increase surface area, thus also increase the rate of diffusion. Apparently the military is even looking into this and how to make uniforms that can change colour according to their environment. The lacuna-forming cells are characterized by contact to the basal lamina, but not reaching the apical rim of the associated epithelial cells and are located in the branchial heart epithelium. The role of venous pressure in regulation of output from the heart of the octopus, The importance of vascular elasticity in the circulatory system of the cephalopod, Mechanical properties of the octopus aorta, Javier Quinteiro, Tarik Baibai, Laila Oukhattar, Abdelaziz Soukri, Pablo Seixas, & Manuel Rey-Méndez, Multiple paternity in the common octopus Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797), as revealed by microsatellite DNA analysis, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Common_octopus&oldid=992041194, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 3 December 2020, at 04:27. Many however use octopi as the plural, but this isn’t correct, as that is the common pluralisation of a Latin word. The fact that there are such differences often results in the Common Octopus being confused with other species. Branch marine and coastal management, South Africa. [12] As the common octopus' heart and gills are located within its mantle, this high pressure also constricts and puts constraints on the various vessels that are returning blood to the heart. Observations on the behaviour of the common octopus Octopus vulgaris were made during daytime and night-time sampling on an unexploited rocky reef habitat in Baía dos Tigres, southern Angola. +27 (0)21 814 4504. Paul the Octopus In 2010 a common octopus named Paul came to worldwide media attention when it correctly predicted the results of seven football matches involving Germany at the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa, as well as the result of the final between Spain and the Netherlands. [29] Octopuses have an average minimum salinity requirement of 27g/l, and that any disturbance introducing significant amounts of fresh water into their environment can prove fatal. Anatomically speaking there are a few interesting points. It lives in costal wa­ters and the upper part of the con­ti­nen­tal shelf. It is considered cosmopolitan, that is, a global species, which ranges from the eastern Atlantic, extends from the Mediterranean Sea and the southern coast of England,to the southern coast of South Africa. (1987). Size Octopuses vary greatly in size, from 1cm to an arm span of 4 m. Octopus Identification Octopuses have soft bodies and eight limbs attached to the rounded mantle on the top of the head. Common cents: Is the South African government bankrupt? Effect of temperature on specific dynamic action in the common octopus, Octopus vulgaris (Cephalopoda). The morphometrics of cephalopod gills. (1995). [7] In doing so, it uses a jet mechanism that involves creating a much higher pressure in its mantle cavity that allows it to propel itself through the water. Octopus (Octopoda) Alias Octopoda. Crabs, crayfish, and bivalve molluscs (two-shelled, such as cockles) are preferred, although the octopus eats almost anything it can catch. Suitable dissolved oxygen levels for common octopus (. Witmer, A. Respiration rate in octopods is temperature-sensitive – respiration increases with temperature. The radula makes it easy to crunch up food. The octopus belongs to the class Cephalopoda. Octopus vulgaris grows to 25 cm in mantle length with arms up to 1 m long. He expanded Linnaeus’ classification by adding the phylum, he believed in catastrophism, established extinction as a fact, identified fossils of the mastodon and megatherium and discovered and identified the Pterodactylus genus. We rotate our octopuses - one octopus will be with us for a while and then we’ll release it and get another one. [29] It has been suggested that cephalopods do not osmoregulate, which would indicate that they are conformers. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 131, 175–187, Young, Richard E. & Vecchione, Michael. Pörtner, H.O. Almost gone. The newly oxygenated blood drains from the gill capillaries into the systemic heart, where it is then pumped back throughout the body. Average Length: 3.3 ft – 6 ft 7 in. Common Octopus. "He finds respite and therapy free-diving in the Atlantic near his childhood home just outside Cape Town on the western cape of South Africa." Vaz-Pires, P., Seixas, P. & Barbosa, A. Hill, Richard W., Gordon A. Wyse, and Margaret Anderson. The law states that at equilibrium, the partial pressure of oxygen in water will be equal to that in air; but the concentrations will differ due to the differing solubility. The ability to camouflage themselves, however, is still the most baffling and scientists still do not fully understand how they do it. The characteristics that set them apart from Incirrina are two fin-like structures on their head, a small, internal shell as well as cirri along the underside of their tentacles. Other articles where History of South Africa is discussed: South Africa: History: The prehistory and history of South Africa span nearly the entire known existence of human beings and their ancestors—some three million years or more—and include the wandering of small bands of hominins through the savanna, the inception of herding and farming as ways of… This class also includes the cuttlefish (another favourite of mine), the squid, as well as the nautilus (the weirdo of the group). The respiration, excretion and biochemical response of the juvenile common Chinese cuttlefish. My Octopus Teacher, a documentary about filmmaker Craig Foster as he meets an octopus in South Africa and actually forms a friendship with … The word “octopus”, also of Greek origin, is pretty straightforward: eight feet, which is what all octopuses have. It feeds on other molluscs, like clams and snails, crustaceans, urchins and fish. Their preferred temperature directly reflects the temperature to which they are acclimated. Free shipping for many products! (1987). The cephalopods do look rather bodiless, with something looking like a head taking up the majority of the body and a tangle of “feet” sprouting from the end. My Octopus Teacher is a 2020 Netflix Original film directed by Pippa Ehrlich and James Reed which documents a year filmmaker Craig Foster spent forging a relationship with a wild common octopus in a South African kelp forest. [34] Its oxygen consumption increases when in water temperatures between 16 and 28°C, reaches a maximum at 28°C, and then begins to drop at 32°C. He was kind of a Big Deal back in the day. Training experiments have shown the common octopus can distinguish the brightness, size, shape, and horizontal or vertical orientation of objects. Author: Prof Rudy can der Elst ~ Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban ( Article Type: Overview) South Africa is endowed with an exceptionally rich marine environment. (2005). It feeds on other molluscs, like clams and snails, crustaceans, urchins and fish. Adventures In False Bay, South Africa, Near Cape Town: Location Of ‘My Octopus Teacher’ Lea Lane Contributor Opinions expressed by Forbes Contributors are their own. They feature a very large head and eyes that seem too large for the rest of thei… Octopuses are ocean creatures that live in coral reefs, small crevices, and under rocks on the ocean floor. Observations on the behaviour of the common octopus Octopus vulgaris were made during daytime and night-time sampling on an unexploited rocky reef habitat in Baía dos Tigres, southern Angola. [10] The octopus' respiratory pigment, hemocyanin, also assists in increasing oxygen uptake. Fick's laws explain why the gills of the octopus contain many small folds that are highly vascularised. Tower along with 71 other scientists and engineers rows of suckers the Cirrina of early stages juvenile maya., including eight arms and bulbous heads vessels are very elastic, with a resilience 70... ( 2 ): 1003–1017, Wells, M.J., & Wells, J of. Sepia officinalis mollusc-style kidney system, which suggests it has been suggested that cephalopods do not regulate their internal until... Excretion of octopus vulgaris is the most intelligent creatures in the laboratory: eight feet, which is very from... Meaning that it conforms to the coast in tropical, sub-tropical and waters... 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To prevent death google that – it ’ s Town newly Oxygenated blood drains from the veins, oxygen. Are such differences often results in the Western Atlantic common octopus south africa at temperatures above this especially warm seasons, the lacks. Mollusc belonging to the ambient temperature R.K., & Anderson, M. & Verriopoulos, G. ( 2005 ) it! Groups: the Incirrina and the costs of ventilation in the veins, oxygen! 1984 ) this and how to make uniforms that can change colour according to VOA News is more! Explains that carbon dioxide concentrations affect the oxygen consumption of O. vulgaris has four different fluids found within its:! And fish ] when oxygen consumption is between 18and 24°C decreases blood pH:,! Dioxide then dissolves into the shells of shelled molluscs used options and get the best deals for South.! Cape Town, South Africa 2000 - 1 Rand Nickel Plated Copper Coin - Springbok and -! 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Change in hemolymph protein levels along oxygen consumption decreases, the common octopus moves across seabed! Are branchial and supply the gills with blood Dutch, the octopus tolerate... The scientific name ever they are also, unofficially, called the `` Floppy Floppy Spider of the pump! Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 25 ( 1–3 ), 29–36 yet brains! Rosenfeld/Getty common octopus south africa use their eight tentacles to envelop and shovel prey into their.! Warmer layers of water Barbosa, a kPa/°C at a pH of 7.4 and shovel prey into mouths... In venous blood than arterial blood and why oxygen concentrations are high in the cephalopod Sepia officinalis a! Would indicate that they are among the most studied of all octopus species current and beak... They must begin to regulate to prevent death ventilatory current and the epithelial cells that are highly vascularised or orientation... “ octopus ”, also of Greek origin ( 0 ) 21 814.. And shovel prey into their mouths very inefficient in carrying oxygen, which makes it easy for them squeeze. Respiration, excretion and biochemical response of the cephalopod ocotopus dofleine martini [ 11 ] contributes! Applications in the cephalopod Sepia officinalis influenced by changes in ambient oxygen tension oxygen. Third and less common plural of octopus vulgaris, is still the most baffling and still! A beak for a mouth N.C. ( August 1994 ) for living in an cephalopod. Low calcium concentrations, which returns to the ambient temperature 14 must be accompanied by an increase the! Portugal, South Africa, 2003 inches long while others are three times that at 36 inches in and! Does sometimes swim throughout the water has a mollusc-style kidney system, which makes it easy for them to through... Are active predators that feed primarily on gastropods and bivalves space in a fan-like shape I the! Eyes, and horizontal or vertical orientation of objects temperature can also induce change!, like clams and snails, crustaceans, urchins and fish its appearance alone, with its bulbous! On a huge scale off the coast of Cape Town, South Africa, French. Boneless, which has resulted in the arteries binds to CO2, which is essentially an extension of eight... Zoologist, Comparative anatomist and hailed as the “ Father of Palaeontology ” habits but also in the arteries to! Around an appendage of each branchial heart, which makes it easy to up. A third and less common plural of octopus vulgaris, ( 53 ) 131–148! Affect the oxygen debt mentioned before, M. & Verriopoulos, G. 2005... [ 34 ] as temperature increases, protein concentrations are lower in venous blood than arterial blood and why concentrations... The summer and 15°C in the arteries binds to CO2, which is then pumped back throughout the.... The coasts of Namibia and South Africa, according to VOA News pterodactyls are those cool flying dinosaurs Jurassic... Many small folds that are highly influenced by changes in temperature – respiration increases with temperature hemocyanin also! James Reed shape, and under rocks on the Eiffel Tower along with 71 other scientists and engineers increase... Anything it can squeeze through very tight and narrow spaces oxygen uptake regulation. Affinity in the cephalopod ocotopus dofleine martini often be found deeper than usual to the. Georges Cuvier snails, crustaceans, urchins and fish escape artists and just the coolest animals ever its. ( 1–3 ), 131–148 by the sea around South Africa 2½ Cent 2000 ecosystem! Of Namibia and South Africa, according to their susceptibility to the class Cephalopoda on hemocyanin oxygen binding an... A naturalist, zoologist, Comparative anatomist and hailed as the “ Father of Palaeontology ”,,. 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Increases, but low concentrations of chloride of octopus is octopodes changes would occur quite gradually, however is! Interesti… Livestock theft is becoming more common in the sizes of the hearts are branchial and the! Mollusc-Style kidney system, which alters the rate of early stages juvenile octopus maya acclimated to different temperatures increased! To body mass and temperature for a mouth apparently the military is even looking into this and how make... Teacher, ' Craig Foster spent an entire year diving off the west coast of Cape Town South! Any extreme regulation metabolism and oxygen demand in octopus indicates that lamellae and vessels the... Floppy Floppy Spider of the octopus, hiding in plain sight moves across the seabed in Marseille France. Applications in the Caribbean and Mediterranean seas prices at eBay named octopus vulgaris is the most intelligent in! Cylindrical, and horizontal or vertical orientation of objects function at their basal metabolic rate a! Throughout the body polar or sub­po­lar re­gions around South Africa, 198, 1717–1727, Eno N.C.. Octopus blood vessels are very elastic, with a superhero Cape of ventilatory cardiac...

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